The Instinctual Trauma Response (ITR) Model
Today’s post takes a look at how the brain responds to perceived danger. Many models exist about the brain’s instinctive response to threat. The one that makes the most sense to me–and I hope will make sense to you, too–is called the Instinctual Trauma Response (ITR) model. It was developed by Dr. Louis Tinnin and Linda Gantt, the founders of Intensive Trauma Therapy, Inc. (ITT) in Morgantown, West Virginia.
ITR’s Seven Stages
In the 1990's Tinnin and Gantt identified a consistent pattern of response to threatening events. The pattern is common in both children and adults and consists of seven stages. Here is a brief look at each stage.
Startle: A quick, intense response which puts the body on high alert.
Thwarted intention: After the initial startle, the body releases a surge of hormones to prepare for fight or flight. When fight or flight aren’t possible, the thwarted intention response kicks in.
Freeze: The body enters a frozen state of numbness and immobility, at least for a moment or two, when intentions are thwarted and there is no hope of escape.
Altered state of consciousness: If the freeze state lasts for more than a few moments, many people enter an altered state of consciousness. Adults often describe this state as watching a movie of themselves or that they feel themselves shrink deep inside their bodies and their bodies seem to become shells.
Body sensations: A variety of sensations, such as pain, can experienced during different stages in the ITR model. All of the sensations are stored as non-verbal memories (in both children and adults) and are stored in the right brain. They remain there as non-verbal memories—bodily sensations that can’t be put it into words.
Automatic obedience: This instinctual response causes a threatened person to automatically obey a perpetrator’s demands in order to survive the immediate threat.
Self-repair: After the threat passes, a person tends to the emotional and physical wounds of trauma. Sleeping, eating, rocking, going to a quiet place, and washing are all forms of self-repair.
How the ITR Stages Look During Childhood Trauma
As has been mentioned before in this series, the best way to understand what happens during childhood trauma is to consider everything from a child’s point of view. So let’s re-examine each of the seven stages through child-colored glasses again.
Startle. Babies are startled by little things like a light being flipped, a pan crashing to the kitchen floor, or by unfamiliar people coming into the room. Baby fingers splay, arms go rigid, and the babies cry. Babies who have a secure primary caregiver startle less often as time goes on. Even so, toddlers and preschoolers tend to jump, gasp, or cry at things adults shake off. Their lives are a continual replay of Dorothy, the Scarecrow, and the Tin Man entering the haunted forest: “Lions and tigers and bears! Oh, my!”
Thwarted intention. Fight and flight options are nonexistent for babies. They have no way to fight or flee. Eventually, kids grow strong enough to hide from perceived danger or to pitch magnificent fits. But for the vast majority of little people, life is a series of thwarted intentions. Therefore, we should not be surprised when kids consider the world to be a more traumatic place than do adults.
Freeze. Children tend to move very quickly from thwarted intentions into the freeze state. Children who experience similar, repeated traumas go through the two previous steps so quickly and automatically may appear to have skipped them completely. They may freeze at the slightest hint of threat. No jump. No gasp. No attempt to fight or run. They simply freeze. Their brains may go offline for a while. If they’re young enough, they may squeeze their eyes shut because they think that when they can’t see the threat, it can’t see them either.
Altered state of consciousness. Gaze aversion may be the baby version of an altered state of consciousness. When overstimulated or threatened, they tend to disengage and shut out the stimuli. Older children enter this stage by telling themselves, “This can’t be happening. It must be a dream.” Children also flee threats through daydreaming. They hide in a world of their own making, a world they can control.
Body sensations. This step in the process can pose a great risk for infants and young children because from birth to age three, children are nonverbal. They have no words, so all their bodily sensations are recorded as nonverbal memories. The memories are like terrifying movies playing over and over inside the brain. As children get older, their rational mind can’t explain these sensations. It is no wonder that adults living with unresolved childhood trauma often think they’re going crazy.
Automatic obedience. Though it is uncomfortable to think about any child being in the situation where they reach this stage of the ITR model, it is important to understand traumas that can impact children profoundly. For children in life and death situations, automatic obedience is an appropriate survival response. Also, they live in a society that expects children to obey adults. So babies undergoing hospital procedures learn to lie quietly when people hurt them. Toddlers surrender when grown-ups touch their private parts. Young children do whatever their parents say to avoid a beating or verbal abuse. Automatic obedience is often the only survival weapon children have until their old enough or big enough to fight back.
Self-repair. Children are relieved when a traumatic situation ends. They instinctually seek out people they trust to comfort them. (Think about a baby reaching for Mommy’s arms after immunizations.) Children without a trustworthy comforter may snuggle up to their favorite blankie or a stuffed animal. They may regress and suck their thumbs again or insist on a bottle instead of a sippy cup. Older children may revert to baby talk or demand a nightlight at bedtime. These behaviors are attempts to return to a safer, more comfortable time before the trauma happened.
Hope for Those Who Have Experienced Childhood Trauma
Learning about how a child’s brain perceives and responds to danger can be disturbing unless we keep a few things in mind. First, though all children face perceived threats and go through the stages of ITR, the majority experience no long term traumatic effects. Second, children dealing with unresolved trauma or PTSD that develops from it can be successfully treated. They may recover completely if treated early enough. Even those who receive therapy years later can learn to successfully manage and cope with the residual effects. Hope exists for children living with unresolved trauma or PTSD.
Written by: Jolene Philo
