Today, we will review the different types of trauma associated with the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
As we think about trauma, a good place to start might be to define what exactly constitutes trauma? We all live in a world surrounded by potential dangers. Families living on the East Coast or the Gulf Coast live with a potential danger from hurricanes. Kids in some neighborhoods in our country experience an increased risk of becoming a victim of gang violence. Little kids learn not to play with matches, or touch a hot stove, or ride their bikes into a busy street without looking. But danger can generally be managed. People typically evacuate the beach when a hurricane warning is issued. If you can’t swim, you stay in the shallow end of the pool.
A traumatic event may occur when danger threatens serious injury or death in a situation in which the individual has little or no ability to protect themselves from witnessing or experiencing the event, or reversing the outcome of the event. Some traumatic events may be one-time events (people working in Lower Manhattan who witnessed the events on the morning of 9/11), while others may be recurrent (the child who is repeatedly molested by a parent or caregiver).
A study of adolescent trauma reported that over 61% of U.S. teens had been exposed to at least one potentially traumatic experience (PTE). 31% have experienced multiple PTEs, while 18.6% report experiencing three or more PTEs.
Kids who have been victims of trauma are among our most challenging to diagnose and treat. Fortunately, the majority of kids who experience a significant traumatic event demonstrate significant resiliency. Unfortunately, others may develop serious complications persisting for decades. On the surface, it may appear there’s little rhyme or reason to why individual kids react so differently to similar types of traumatic events and experiences. As we delve into this topic, readers will quickly appreciate that what we don’t know clearly exceeds what we know.
One challenge we face in teasing out the effects of trauma comes from the sheer variety of traumatic situations to which kids may be exposed. Research suggests the nature of the traumatic event has a profound effect upon the long-term outcome for the child. Let’s look at the different types of events known to produce the characteristic effects of trauma in kids…
- Child abuse: physical, sexual, emotional
- Violence: domestic, school-based, community-based
- Traumatic loss: serious illness, death
- Disruption in placement, living arrangements
- Accidents: plane crashes, car accidents, athletic injuries, falls
- Natural disasters: earthquakes, floods, storms, fires
- War
- Terrorism
- Medical trauma: effects of repetitive, invasive medical treatments
Dr. Steve Grcevich is a physician specializing in child and adolescent psychiatry who serves as President and Founder of Key Ministry. He blogs at church4everychild.org and may be reached at steve@keyministry.org.
